In the construction of buildings, the timber-concrete (TCC) system can be a cost-competitive solution for floors with longer spans, since the mechanical properties of the two materials are used efficiently. Furthermore, the additional mass from the concrete improves the acoustic performance compared to a timber floor system alone. Nevertheless, TCC floors are not commonly used in buildings in Canada, due to the absence of technical guidelines for such types of structural systems in this country.
This guide provides detailed information on solid woody biofuels that are available in Ontario and the combustion systems that can burn these biofuels. The four types of solid woody biofuels considered in this guide are cordwood (firewood), wood chips, wood briquettes, and wood pellets. The three types of combustion
systems are stoves, furnaces, and boilers. The major considerations for sourcing and using each type of biofuel and
combustion system for institutional / commercial and residential applications are outlined in this guide.
Ce guide donne de l'information détaillée sur les biocombustibles solides qui sont disponibles en Ontario et sur les systèmes de combustion qui peuvent brûler ces biocombustibles. Les quatre types de biocombustibles solides dont il est question dans ce guide sont le bois de chauffage, les copeaux de bois, les briquettes de bois et les granules de bois. Les trois types de systèmes de combustion sont les poêles, les générateurs d'air chaud et les chadières. Ce guide présente les principales considérations en ce qui concerne l'approvisionnement et l'utilisation de chaque type de biocombustible et système de combustion pour les applications instituttionnelles/commerciales et résidentielles.
The Ministry of Forests, Lands, Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development (FLNRORD) has asked FPInnovations to investigate current information and knowledge for bridge fire impact mitigation opportunities and strategies.
The extent of the investigation includes reaching out to domestic and international contacts to find directly applicable information and literature on strategies to mitigate fire impacts to bridge structures. This will include review of academic journals and reports, products and methods, to find
Braced timber frames (BTFs) are one of the most efficient structural systems to resist lateral loads induced by earthquakes or high winds. Although BTFs are implemented as a system in the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC), no design guidelines currently exist in CSA O86. That not only leaves these efficient systems out of reach of designers, but also puts them in danger of being eliminated from NBCC. The main objective of this project is to generate the technical information needed for development of design guidelines for BTFs as a lateral load resisting system in CSA O86. The seismic performance of 30 BTFs with riveted connections was studied last year by conducting nonlinear dynamic analysis; and also 15 glulam brace specimens using bolted connections were tested under cyclic loading.
In the second year of the project, a relationship between the connection and system ductility of BTFs was derived based on engineering principles. The proposed relationship was verified against the nonlinear pushover analysis results of single- and multi-storey BTFs with various building heights. The influence of the connection ductility, the stiffness ratio, and the number of tiers and storeys on the system ductility of BTFs was investigated using the verified relationship. The minimum connection ductility for different categories (moderately ductile and limited ductility) of BTFs was estimated.
Midply shear wall (hereafter Midply), which was originally developed by researchers at Forintek Canada Corp. (predecessor of FPInnovations) and the University of British Columbia, is a high-capacity shear wall system that is suitable for high wind and seismic loadings. Its superior seismic performance was demonstrated in a full-scale earthquake simulation test of a 6-storey wood-frame building in Japan. In collaboration with APA–The Engineered Wood Association and the American Wood Council (AWC), a new framing arrangement was designed in this study to increase the vertical load resistance of Midply and make it easier to accommodate electrical and plumbing services. In this study, a total of 14 Midply specimens in six wall configurations with different sheathing thicknesses and nail spacing were tested under reversed cyclic loading. Test results showed that Midply has approximately twice the lateral load capacity of a comparable standard shear wall. The drift capacity and energy dissipation capability are also greater than comparable standard shear walls. For Midply to use the same seismic force modification factors as standard shear walls, seismic equivalency to standard shear walls in accordance with ASTM D7989 was also conducted. Although Midply has superior lateral load and drift capacities, it does not seem to be as ductile as the standard shear walls at the same over-strength level. Additional testing and dynamic analysis are recommended to address this issue.
La construction massive en bois est un terme générique qui englobe une grande variété de produits du bois épais et lourds, notamment le bois lamellé-croisé (CLT), le bois lamellé-goujonné (DLT), le bois lamellé-cloué et le bois lamellé-collé (GLT). À ce jour, les méthodes de conception à vibrations contrôlées ont surtout été élaborées pour les planchers en CLT.
Mass timber is a generic name for a broad range of thick and heavy wood products such as cross-laminated timber (CLT), dowel-laminated timber (DLT), nail-laminated timber (NLT), and gluelaminated timber (GLT), among others. So far, vibration-controlled design methods have been developed mostly for CLT floors.
These concealed or void space cases require installation of elements which represent additional material cost and labour. For wood buildings that rely heavily on prefabrication, these steps can have a significant impact on scheduling. Removing dependence on concrete and gypsum board in certain applications could make wood buildings more cost competitive to similar buildings of steel and concrete and could further enhance the benefits of prefabricated construction.
Currently, mass timber building designs commonly incorporate a concrete floor topping. This can improve building accoustics by increasing the mass of the assembly, reduce floor vibration and create a smooth flat surface to install finish flooring on. The installation of concrete requires formwork, pouring and finishing the concrete and time to cure which adds to project schedules. One way to address this is to use mass timber elements that are prefabricated with concrete toppings preinstalled. Replaceing the concrete floor toppings wiht dry alternatives, such as cement board, may also reduce construction timelines, while still ensuring adequate acoustic and vibration performance. Cement board needs only to be screwed in place and can be walked on immediately after installation; this reduction in construction time may reduce overall project costs and help make wood buildings more cost competitive than other types of construction.
Dans le cadre de l’initiative « Vivre avec le bois », FPInnovations désire identifier les besoins et les dynamiques de marché associés aux différents produits du bois de deuxième transformation afin d’en améliorer la pénétration sur le marché. Dans ce contexte, cette étude documente les préférences des consommateurs et leur processus de décision au moment de l’achat de différents matériaux de construction.
Dans le cadre de l’initiative Vivre avec le bois – Dynamique des marchés, un portrait sommaire de l’industrie canadienne du bois a été dressé afin de présenter la répartition ainsi que les capacités de production des différents manufacturiers à l’échelle du pays.
La présente proposition de valeur résume les conclusions des différentes études menées au Canada et aux États-Unis, lesquelles identifient les menaces ou défis ainsi que les différentes occasions qui se présentent pour l’industrie du bois de la deuxième transformation, en particulier pour les quatre secteurs suivants : revêtements de plancher, patios et terrasses, parements extérieurs et armoires de cuisine. Le but ultime de cette proposition est de dresser les pistes de recherche afin de maintenir ou d’accroître les parts de marché des produits du bois existants ou de gagner des marchés avec des produits novateurs. Ce rapport évalue également les priorités d’actions en fonction des menaces ou défis auxquels l’industrie fait face.
Ce rapport présente brièvement les principales tendances de marché qui caractérisent quatre différents segments de produits de seconde transformation : les recouvrements de plancher, les armoires de cuisine, les patios et terrasses et les revêtements extérieurs. Une attention particulière est apportée aux tendances des produits en bois.
The fire resistance of cross-laminated timber (CLT) could be improved by treating the lamina with fire retardants. The major issues with this technology are the reduced bondability of the treated lamina with commercial adhesives. This study assessed several surface preparation methods that could improve the bondability and bond durability of fire-retardant treated wood with two commercial adhesives. Four surface preparation methods, including moisture/heat/pressure, surface planing, surface chemical treatment, and surface plasma treatment were assessed for their impact on the bondability and bond durability of lodgepole pine lamina. The block shear test results indicated that all surface preparation methods were somewhat effective in improving bond performance of fire-retardant treated wood compared to the untreated control wood samples, depending on the types of fire retardants and wood adhesives applied in the treatment process and bonding process. The selection of surface preparation, fire retardant, and wood adhesive should be considered interactively to obtain the best bond properties and fire performance. It may be possible to effectively bond the treated lamina with PUR adhesive without any additional surface preparation for the fire retardant used in the treatment at FPInnovations.
The objective of this work is to generate fire performance data for NLT assemblies to address gaps in technical knowledge. This project aims to study how the size of gaps between NLT boards might affect charring of an assembly and its overall fire performance. This research will support designers and builders in the use of mass timber assemblies in larger and taller buildings, by ensuring fire safe designs.
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Meridian Road is an access road at the PRF and leads to research, forest management, and recreational sites. A multi-cell culvert system at Young’s Creek recently failed (bottom left), and the crossing needed large-scale maintenance to allow the continued movement of logging trucks, vehicles, and research teams. The culvert failure negatively impacted water flow and habitat. To rectify these issues, a modern, single-lane engineered wood product (EWP) bridge, named Centennial Bridge (bottom right), was installed and built by Corington Engineering Inc., of Renfrew, Ontario. The experience at the PRF is of interest to sustainable forest licence (SFL) holders (and municipalities) looking to gain more knowledge about the construction and design of EWP access road bridges. The goal of this case study was to highlight the main construction and design details of Centennial Bridge and draw some comparisons to conventional steel-logging road bridges.
This guide was developed by FPInnovations and its partners to assist in the design and construction of durable and energy-efficient wood-frame buildings in Alberta. The Province adopted the National Energy Code for Buildings 2011, as of November 1, 2016, in order to comply with the energy-efficiency requirements for large buildings (Part 3). It is now also possible, with new building regulations, to build wood structures with a maximum of six storeys or 18 m height in Alberta. This guide aims to provide solutions for the building envelope (enclosure) of Part 3 wood buildings, particularly five- and six-storey wood-frame buildings, to meet the prescriptive thermal requirements of the new energy code. A range of wood-based exterior wall and roof assemblies are covered, based on light wood frame or mass timber, and various thermal insulation materials are discussed. Effective R-values are calculated based on typical thermal insulation values of commonly used materials. This document also covers key considerations for building envelope design to maintain long-term durability in Alberta’s varied climate.
This monitoring study was initiated to collect performance data from a highly energy efficient, six-storey building located in the coastal climate of British Columbia. This work focuses on the following objectives by installing sensors during the construction:
· To provide information about the indoor environment of a highly energy efficient building
· To provide field data about the durability performance of an innovative high energy efficiency exterior wall solution for mid-rise wood-frame construction
· To provide information on the amounts of vertical movement in wood-frame exterior walls and interior walls below a roof/roof deck
This project is one of the efforts1 to assist the province of British Columbia and local jurisdictions in implementing the new energy code requirements.
By testing R22 walls installed in a test hut, this project will focus on the following objectives:
· Generate hygrothermal performance data for wood-frame wall assemblies anticipated to be commonly used to build high energy efficiency buildings across Canada
· Validate hygrothermal modelling to improve design tools for wood-frame construction
· Develop specific recommendations on durable and energy efficient exterior wood-frame wall assemblies practitioners can readily use
