Conformance testing and grade verification are technically and economically complex problems. In response to an industrial request, two alternative approaches helpful for maintaining or increasing the market share of dimension lumber in residential or industrial/commercial structures have been considered. Two options were suggested for conformance sampling of commercially important lumber grades, sizes and species. One, based on a single large sample, that would allow immediate up-dating of strength properties, if needed. The other, based on a small initial sample, followed by a larger second sample, if needed. Appropriate decision rules were developed, and it was recommended that sampling and strength testing procedures for conformance evaluations be identical to those used for in-grade testing of lumber. Development and calibration of an economic model for assessing the costs of non-conformance was also recommended. A synthesis of results from the proposed initial conformance testing based on two-stage sequential sampling and from the economic analyses is needed for rational recommendations concerning near-optimum procedures of future conformance testing of visually graded dimension lumber. Specific actions should follow discussions with, and recommendations or requests from, representatives of the lumber industry.