The use of microorganisms for the protection of lumber from mould, stain and decay is an alternative to the use of biocides that could allow the sawmill industry to decrease the use of chemicals. Successful implementation of bioprotection requires a basic understanding of the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the physiology, biology and ecology of sapstain fungi and bioprotectants in situ. Knowledge of the ranges of abiotic factors under which a bioprotectant will survive, germinate, grow and be competitive is essential to achieve consistent and efficacious protection. Identification of such factors would enable its inclusion in the deployment milieu. In addition, development of methods to monitor the bioprotectant on lumber would also aid in the study of population dynamics and is essential for quality control and assurance.