Public confidence in traditional wood framing has been shaken due to reports of early building envelope failures and subsequent water and mold damage. This was fueled by sensationalistic media reporting on adverse health effects of mold. Although mold growth and envelope failures are not limited to wood frame buildings, wood has been closely scrutinized because construction of low-rise residential units in North America commonly uses wood framing. There is a need to identify the causes of blemishes found on kiln-dried (KD) framing lumber and to compare the fungal components with microorganisms reported from indoor air studies. The major objective of this work was to identify the fungal genera which predominate on a selection of re-wetted kiln-dried wood substrates. Nineteen different wood substrates (including green wood) were organized in stacks exposed to natural weather conditions, in stacks kept in closed containers under constant humidity and temperature conditions, and in stacks half-submerged in water. The test pieces were sampled at the time of set up, at 4 weeks, and at 24 weeks. The assessed fungal flora were compared to the flora reported from green wood and from indoor air quality studies of buildings with post-construction water damage. Since several methods are available to assess lumber disfigurement, ranging from visual inspection to quantitative chemical tests, this study also compared clean and "stained" wood by using culture, visual assessment, and quantification of ergosterol over time.